Introduction :-
Materials are converted into finished products though different manufacturing
processes. Manufacturing processes are classified into shaping [casting], forming, joining, and coating, dividing, machining and modifying material property. Of these manufacturing processes, forming is a widely used process which finds applications in automotive, aerospace, defense and other industries.
Wrought forms of materials are produced through bulk or sheet forming operations. Cast products are made through shaping – molding and casting.
A typical automobile uses formed parts such as wheel rims, car body, valves, rolled shapes for chassis, stamped oil pan, etc.
Forming is the process of obtaining the required shape and size on the raw material by subjecting the material to plastic deformation through the application of tensile force, compressive force, bending or shear force or combinations of these forces.
Classification of Forming Process :-
Typically, metal forming processes can be classified into two broad groups. One is bulk forming and the other is sheet metal forming.
Bulk deformation refers to the use of raw materials for forming which have low surface area to volume ratio. Rolling, forging, extrusion and drawing are bulk forming processes. In bulk deformation processing methods, the nature of force applied may be compressive, compressive and tensile, shear or a combination of these forces.
Bulk forming is accomplished in forming presses with the help of a set of tool and die. Examples for products produced by bulk forming are: gears, bushed, valves, engine parts such as valves, connecting rods, hydraulic valves, etc.
Sheet metal forming involves application of tensile or shear forces predominantly. Working upon sheets, plates and strips mainly constitutes sheet forming. Sheet metal operations are mostly carried out in presses – hydraulic or pneumatic. A set of tools called die and punch are used for the sheet working operations.
Bending, drawing, shearing, blanking, punching are some of the sheet metal operations.
Forming is also classified as cold forming, hot forming or warm forming. Hot forming is the deformation carried out at temperatures above recrystallization temperatures. Typically, recrystallization temperatures for materials ranges from 0.5 Tm to 0.8 Tm, where Tm is melting temperature of material.
Materials are converted into finished products though different manufacturing
processes. Manufacturing processes are classified into shaping [casting], forming, joining, and coating, dividing, machining and modifying material property. Of these manufacturing processes, forming is a widely used process which finds applications in automotive, aerospace, defense and other industries.
Wrought forms of materials are produced through bulk or sheet forming operations. Cast products are made through shaping – molding and casting.
A typical automobile uses formed parts such as wheel rims, car body, valves, rolled shapes for chassis, stamped oil pan, etc.
Forming is the process of obtaining the required shape and size on the raw material by subjecting the material to plastic deformation through the application of tensile force, compressive force, bending or shear force or combinations of these forces.
Classification of Forming Process :-
Typically, metal forming processes can be classified into two broad groups. One is bulk forming and the other is sheet metal forming.
Bulk deformation refers to the use of raw materials for forming which have low surface area to volume ratio. Rolling, forging, extrusion and drawing are bulk forming processes. In bulk deformation processing methods, the nature of force applied may be compressive, compressive and tensile, shear or a combination of these forces.
Sheet metal forming involves application of tensile or shear forces predominantly. Working upon sheets, plates and strips mainly constitutes sheet forming. Sheet metal operations are mostly carried out in presses – hydraulic or pneumatic. A set of tools called die and punch are used for the sheet working operations.
Bending, drawing, shearing, blanking, punching are some of the sheet metal operations.
Forming is also classified as cold forming, hot forming or warm forming. Hot forming is the deformation carried out at temperatures above recrystallization temperatures. Typically, recrystallization temperatures for materials ranges from 0.5 Tm to 0.8 Tm, where Tm is melting temperature of material.
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