WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF WE USE WATER INSTEAD OF BRAKE OIL IN MASTER CYLINDER

Before that first you must know about the properties of the fluid required to serve as a brake fluid .

• Boiling point- Brake fluid is subjected to very high temperatures Upto 1200 , degrees, so the fluid needs a high boiling point. Also, because our vehicles experience seasons so, it’s important to have low freezing point as well. On top of maintaining both extremes, it's designed not to damage any rubber components in the brake system,especially in the wheel cylinders of drum brakes and disk brake calipers.
• Viscosity should be maintained for a wide range of temperature
• Corrosion resistance -Brake fluids must not corrode the metals used inside components such as calipers, wheel cylinders, master cylinders and ABS control valves. They must also protect against corrosion as moisture enters the system
• Compressibility - Brake fluids must maintain low level of compressibility which remains low even when temperatures and pressure vary.
• Oxidation and Thermal Stability -Braking is the conversion of kinetic energy into heat by friction. The quantities of heat that result are considerable and depend on the weight and speed of the vehicle. Nevertheless , under extreme conditions of operation, brake fluids reach temperatures of more than 150°C. Their cracking phenomenon is a direct measure of their thermal stability. This is determined by the quality of glycol ethers components and the quantity and nature of antioxidants. Antioxidants improve the thermal stability and also hold up the aging of the fluid by oxidation into acidic components.

Water is not able to meet above requirements so we can not use it in place of brake oil in master cylinder.

SUPERFLUID

Superfluidity is a very rare phenomenon that occurs at ultra cold temperatures. It is only observed in Helium because only Helium stays a fluid at that temperatures. Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without loss of kinetic energy.


Say you have a container of gas. You keep removing energy from it. In other words, you are cooling it. You remove so much energy that now all the atoms go sit in the lowest energy state. Seeing that they are already in their lowest energy state, nothing else can now remove energy from it for eg: neither gravity nor friction. Which is why if you hold superfluid helium in a container, it will spontaneously flow out (creep along side the walls of the container). If you look at the image below, you can see a drop at the bottom. It is because of this sort of creeping that climbs up the inner wall, flows along the outer wall and collects at the bottom (center) as a drop.

It also displays other remarkable properties such as having no measurable viscosity. Viscosity is a fluid’s response to shear stress which can also be understood as a fluid’s internal resistance to flow. Naively said, this is how “sticky” a fluid is. For example, Oil is more “stickier” than air and hence more “viscous”. This viscous nature is important because it helps fluid molecules “stick” to other things and to each other. If for example air were not viscous, turning on the fan would have no effect since air molecules would not stick to the fan thus the fan cannot impart kinetic energy to the air and hence it cannot move and cool you.

Coming back to the topic on hand, the superfluid has no measurable viscosity, so if you put a fan inside a container of superfluid and have something else placed in the fluid, it shouldn’t feel the effect of the fan inside. 

Some more amazing things about Superfluid are :-

1.) The superfluid state is its own state of matter, the Bose Einstein Condensate. 

2.) Superfluid Helium has zero entropy!

3.) Helium never solidifies at normal atmospheric pressures.

CHECK OUT WHY TURBOCHARGER IS MOSTLY USED WITH DIESEL ENGINES RATHER THAN PETROL ENGINE

Why is a turbocharger mostly used in diesel engines when compared to petrol engines?

There are really no limits to how much turbocharger boost you can put on a diesel engine, other than the strength of the engine components. Most diesel engines are very robust compared to gasoline engines, so you can use a lot of boost. On the other hand, gasoline engines are limited by pre-ignition (“knocking”) which can damage the engine, so you can't use as much boost, and you have to take special measures to avoid engine damage.

Gasoline engines use spark ignition, but if the cylinder pressure is too high during compression, the air-fuel mixture will ignite too soon, during the compression phase before the spark plug fires, and the shock can damage the engine. There are various ways to avoid this, such as using knock sensors which back off the boost when they detect knocking, lowering the compression ratio of the engine (which reduces fuel economy), or using higher octane gasoline (which costs more money). There are limits to the octane rating of automobile gasoline, and you can't use aviation gasoline in cars because it contains lead. (In WWII they put so much lead in the gasoline for supercharged fighter aircraft that the planes would get lead streaks down the sides from the engine exhausts).

Diesel engines use compression ignition with much higher compression ratios, which means they get better fuel economy than gasoline engines, and they control ignition timing by injecting the fuel directly into the cylinders when they want it to ignite, which means there is no possibility of pre-ignition. This means that the boost they can handle is only limited by the strength of engine components. The octane rating of the fuel is irrelevant, so they can use the same fuel, and increasing the boost level only increases the fuel economy.

Trucking companies tend to buy trucks with very robust diesel engines and boost them as high as they can, which results in both more power and better fuel economy. This costs more money in initial purchase cost, but results in savings in fuel costs over the long term.

Private individuals are more interested in getting a good looking and powerful car which doesn't cost very much, so they buy gasoline cars, in which there are limits to the power boost turbocharging can give them, and it doesn't give them much advantage in fuel economy.

Hawkins Recruitment 2017 Notification For Manager/Demonstrator Posts

Hawkins Cookers Ltd has released the notification for the various vacancies of Manager/Demonstrator posts. The organization invites capable and hardworking candidates for Manager/Demonstrator posts

Candidates who dream to build their career in prestigious private sector should avail this opportunity, so here we are providing complete details about Hawkins Recruitment 2017. Candidate who are willing to work with Hawkins, seize this golden opportunity and make you career with this organization.

Candidates may apply to Hawkins Application Form 2017 after carefully reading the advertisement regarding Eligibility Criteria, Selection Process, how to apply, important date, Results etc. and ensure that they fulfill the stipulated criteria and follow the prescribed processes

Educational Qualification

For the Post Of Demonstrator

Candidates should have completed graduation or having  any experience it should be accompanied by a note about (200 word) in English on “Reasons why I am interested in this job”.

Age Limit:

• Minimum Age: 21 years
• Maximum Age: 28 years
• Age relaxation will be applicable as per government rules.

Selection Procedure

Written Examination, Group Discussion & Personal Interview.

Pay Scale: Aspirants who will be selected for the post of demonstrator, they will receive a stipend of Rs.25000/ during training and Rs.35000/ upon confirmation.

For more information visit- http://www.hawkinscookers.com/job_opening_sales.html

TECHNICAL TERMS OF STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Strain: 
When a single force or a system force acts on a body, it undergoes some deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as strain. Mathematically strain may be defined as deformation per unit length. 
So, 
Strain=Elongation/Original length 

Elasticity; 
The property of material by virtue of which it returns to its original shape and size upon removal of load is known as elasticity. 

Hooks Law 
It states that within elastic limit stress is proportional tostrain. Mathematically 
E=Stress/Strain
Where E = Young’s Modulus 
Hooks law holds good equally for tension and compression. 

Poisson’s Ratio; 
The ratio lateral strain to longitudinal strain produced by a single stress is known as Poisson’s ratio. 

Modulus of Elasticity (or Young’s Modulus) 
Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress to strain within elastic limit. 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABS(Anti-lock braking system),EBD(Electronic brake force distribution),ESP(Electronic stabilisation program) AND TRACTION CONTROL

ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System)

As we know a vehicle moves due to the frictional force between the tyre and road. When we apply brakes, the brakes apply a torque in the opposite direction as that of friction and the wheel gradually comes to rest. This is how normal brakes work.
Now, whenever we are traveling on smooth surfaces like snow the friction coefficient is low and hence less frictional force. When a brake is applied in these conditions or even when you brake hard on a regular surface the amount of torque is so high that the vehicle's wheels stop rotating and start sliding. This is known as locking of wheels. Unless you are a skilled drifter this is potentially a dangerous situation as you don't have control over the wheels. The function of abs is to prevent the wheels from locking even under very hard braking or on surfaces with low friction like snow, wet roads.

EBD (Electronic BrakeForce Distribution System)

EBD is basically a subsystem of ABS and it always works  in conjunction with an ABS system. There main job of  EBD is to optimise brake force on  each wheel individually so to get maximum breaking power without losing control. It can alter braking pressure on each wheel individually depending on the conditions and weight distribution of the vehicle at  that moment.

Traction Control System

Traction control is basically a alternative function of ABS. As we have seen in many movies that when a car accelerates very hard the tyres just spin there for a moment and smoke is produced or when someone performs a burnout the tyres spinning without the car moving forward. That condition is known as loss of traction. 
The function of traction control, as you may have guessed, is to prevent this. Whenever the system detects wheelspin during acceleration it deploys various measures to counter it. Some of the most common are :-
1. Regulating braking pressure as mentioned above.
2. Reducing the amount of torque provided to the wheels.
3. Regulating the amount of fuel released to the engine.

ESP (Electronic Stability Program)

ESP is basically a control unit in designed to cut  in and help whenever it detects a loss in steering control. It continuously monitors the direction the driver wants to go (by measuring the angle by which the steering has been rotated) versus the direction in which the car is actually going. If the system the car is not going in the  intended direction it cuts in and tries to regain control by automatically braking and feeding corrective inputs to the steering.

It's basically to avoid understeer and oversteer while turning.

WORKING OF GEAR PUMP EXPLAINED

External gear pumps are a popular pumping principle and are often used as lubrication pumps in machine tools, in fluid power transfer units, and as oil pumps in engines.Gear pumps are also widely used in chemical installations to pump high viscosity fluids.

Working of gear pump :-
External gear pumps are similar in pumping action to internal gear pumps in that two gears come into and out of mesh to produce flow.  However, the external gear pump uses two identical gears rotating against each other -- one gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives the other gear.  Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings on both sides of the gear.

1.  As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.

2.  Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the teeth and the casing -- it does not pass between the gears. 

3.  Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the outlet port under pressure.
Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gear pumps are quiet-running and are routinely used for high-pressure applications such as hydraulic applications. With no overhung bearing loads, the rotor shaft can't deflect and cause premature wear.

Advantages :-

• High speed
• High pressure
• No overhung bearing loads
• Relatively quiet operation
• Design accommodates wide variety of materials

Disadvantages :-

• Four bushings in liquid area
• No solids allowed
• Fixed End Clearances

Applications :-

Common external gear pump applications include, but are not limited to:

• Various fuel oils and lube oils
• Chemical additive and polymer metering
• Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
• Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts, etc.)
• Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
• Low volume transfer or application