SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL

Single point cutting tool:

The single point cutting tool has only one cutting point or edge. These tools used for turning, boring, shaping or planning operations. These tools used on lathe, boring and shaper machines.

A single point cutting tool consists of a sharpened cutting part and the shank and main parts or elements which are:

1: Shank

It is the main body of the tool.

2: Flank:

The surface or surfaces below the adjacent to the cutting edge is called flank of the tool.

3: Face

The surface on which the chip slides is called the face of the tool.

4: Heel

It is the intersection of the flank and the base of the tool.

5: Nose

It is the point where the side cutting edge and end cutting edge intersect.

6: Cutting Edge

It is the edge on the face of the tool which removes the material from the work piece. The cutting edge consists of the side cutting edge(major cutting edge) and cutting edge(minor cutting edge) and the nose.

BASIC TERMS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics: Basic Terms

Thermodynamics:  The branch of science that deals with the study of different forms of energy and the quantitative relationships between them.

System:  Quantity of matter or a region of space which is under consideration in the analysis of a problem.

Surroundings:  Anything outside the thermodynamic system is called the surroundings. The system is separated from the surroundings by the boundary. The boundary may be either fixed or moving.

Closed system:  There is no mass transfer across the system boundary. Energy transfer may be there.

Open system:  There may be both matter and energy transfer across the boundary of the system.

Isolated system:  There is neither matter nor energy transfer across the boundary of the system.

State of the system and state variable:  The state of a system means the conditions of the system. It is described in terms of certain observable properties which are called the state variables, for example, temperature (t), pressure (p), and volume (v).

State function:  A physical quantity is a state function in the change in its value during the process depends only upon the initial state and final state of the system and does not depend on the path by which the change has been brought about.

Macroscopic system and its properties:  If as system contains a large number of chemical species such as atoms, ions, and molecules, it is called macroscopic system. Extensive properties: These properties depend upon the quantity of matter contained in the system. Examples are; mass, volume, heat capacity, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibb's free energy. Intensive properties:  These properties depend only upon the amount of the substance present in the system, for example, temperature, refractive index, density, surface tension, specific heat, freezing point, and boiling point.

Types of thermodynamic processes:  We say that a thermodynamic process has occurred when the system changes from one state (initial) to another state (final).

Isothermal process:  When the temperature of a system remains constant during a process, we call it isothermal. Heat may flow in or out of the system during an isothermal process.

Adiabatic process:  No heat can flow from the system to the surroundings or vice versa.

Isochoric process:  It is a process during which the volume of the system is kept constant.

Isobaric process:  It is a process during which the pressure of the system is kept constant.

Reversible processes:  A process which is carried out infinitesimally slowly so that all changes occurring in the direct process can be exactly reversed and the system remains almost in a state of equilibrium with the surroundings at every stage of the process.

   

CHECK OUT WHY 4 STROKE ENGINES ARE MORE PREFERRED OVER 2 STROKE ENGINE !!

Even though power of two stroke engine is more than four stroke engine then why four stroke engine are used more?

ADVANTAGES OF 4 STROKE ENGINE :-

1. More torque :- In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque than 2 stroke engine at low RPM. Although 2 stroked ones give higher torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with fuel efficiency.
2. More fuel efficiency :- 4 stroke engines have greater fuel efficiency than 2 stroke ones because fuel is consumed once every 4 strokes.
3. Less pollution :- As power is generated once every 4 strokes & also as no oil or lubricant is added to the fuel; 4 stroke engine produces less pollution.
4. More durability :- We all know that more the engine runs, quicker it wears out. 2 stroke engines are designed for high RPM. If an engine can go for 10000 rpm’s before it wears out; a 4 stroke engine with 100 rpm will run for 100 minutes than the other 2 stroke engine which has a higher rpm of 500 & will run for only 20 minutes.
5. No extra addition of oil :- Only the moving parts need lubrication intermediately. No extra oil or lubricant is added to fuel.

DISADVANTAGES OF 4 STROKE ENGINE :-

1. Complicated design :- A 4 stroke engine has complex valve mechanisms operated & controlled by gears & chain. Also there are many parts to worry about which makes it harder to troubleshoot.
2. Less powerful :- As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of crankshaft(4 strokes), hence 4 stroke is less powerful.
3. Expensive :- A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2 stroke engine. So they often require repairs which leads to greater expense.

So, overall the 4-stroke engines have some minor disadvantages but a lots of advantages which are more relevant.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE AND OPEN TYPE GAS TURBINE

The difference between closed cycle gas turbine and open cycle gas turbine can be done on the basis of source of heating, types of working fluid, circulation of air, wearing capacity of turbine blades, installation, maintenance cost and much more. The basic difference between them is the circulation of working fluid. In the closed cycle gas turbine the same working fluid is circulated again and again within the turbine but in the open cycle gas turbine the working fluid i.e. air is replaced again and again while flowing through the gas turbine.

Comparison of closed cycle gas turbine and open cycle gas turbine in tabular form:

S.no	Closed Cycle Gas Turbine	Open Cycle Gas Turbine
1.	In this first the air is compressed in the compressor and then heated in a heating chamber. As the air is heated by an external source, so the amount of the gas remains same.	Here the compressed air is heated in the combustion chamber. So the products of combustion gets mixed with the heated air and hence the amount of gas does not remain same.
2.	In closed cycle gas turbine, the gas that comes out from the gas turbine passes into the cooling chamber.	In open cycle, the gases coming out from the gas turbine is exhausted in the atmosphere.
3.	The working fluid is circulated continuously.	The working fluid is replaced continuously.
4.	Any other fluid that possesses better thermodynamic properties like helium can be used.	Here only air can be used as the working fluid.
5.	No earlier wear of the turbine blades, because the enclosed gas does not gets contaminated while flowing through the heating chamber,	Earlier wear of turbine blades,  as the air form the atmosphere enters the combustion chamber it gets contaminated.
6.	It is best suited for the stationary installation and marine uses because the air from the turbine is cooled by the circulating water.	It is best suited for the moving vehicle because the air from the turbine is discharged into the atmosphere.
7.	The maintenance cost of this type of turbine is high.	Its maintenance cost is low.
8.	More mass of installation per kW.	Less mass of installation per kW.

IN A 1.6L V6 ENGINE, WHAT DOES THE 1.6L REFER TO?

In a 1.6L V6 engine, what does the 1.6L refer to?

Engines are measured in litres. The parts of the engine where the fuel is burned to produce movement are called the cylinders – a car will usually have three, four, six or eight cylinders – and the volme of these cylinders is measured in litres. Simply,it is is the total displacement of all cylinders when piston moves either from TDC(Top dead center) to BDC(Bottom dead center) or BDC to TDC .Its also termed as stroke volume.

A 1.6 litre engine will have 1.6 litres of cylinder space altogether. 

1.6L = 1.6 Liters (or 1600 cubic centimeters or 1.6 decimeters)

V6 = 6 cylinders in a V shape.This type of engine is used in F1 racing - max rpm at 15,000. They use this engine because the pistons are light, small, the stroke is reduced, and this allows the engine to reach that insane rpm. 

So if it has six cylinders, each cylinder has a volume 1600/6 = 267 cc

A 1.6L engine might also be referred to as 1.6 in brochures. Sometimes, the size of the engine will be part of the name of the car.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

Difference Between Laminar and Turbulent Flow

S.no	Laminar Flow	Turbulent Flow
1.	It is a fluid flow in which the fluid layers move parallel to each other and do not cross each other.	It is a fluid flow in which the fluid layers cross each other and do not move parallel to each other.
2.	The laminar flow generally occurs in the fluid flowing with low velocity.	The turbulent flow occurs when the fluid flows with high velocity.
3.	Laminar flow occurs in the small diameter pipes in which fluid flows with low velocity.	Turbulent flow occurs in large diameter pipes in which fluid flows with high velocity.
4.	The fluid flow is laminar when the value of Reynolds number (Re) is less than 2000.	The fluid flow is turbulent when the value of Reynolds number is greater than 4000.
5.	Shear stress in laminar flow depends only on the viscosity of the fluid and independent of the density.	Shear stress in the turbulent flow depends upon the density of the fluid.
6.	The fluid flow is very orderly i.e. there is no mixing of adjacent layers of the fluid and they move parallel to each other and also with the walls of the pipe.	The fluid flow is not orderly i.e. there is mixing of adjacent layers of fluid with each other and they do not move parallel to each other and also with the walls of the pipe.

Summary of the Difference Between Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow

• The fluid flow in which the adjacent layers of the fluid do not mix with each other and moves parallel to each other, is called laminar flow.
• In the laminar flow, the fluid layer moves in straight line.
• The laminar flow always occurs when the fluid flow with low velocity and in small diameter pipes.
• The fluid flow having Reynolds number less than 2000 is called laminar flow.
• The fluid flow is very orderly i.e. there is no mixing of adjacent layers of the fluid and they move parallel to each other and also with the walls of the pipe.
• Shear stress in laminar flow depends only on the viscosity of the fluid and independent of the density.

Turbulent Flow

• The fluid flow in which the adjacent layers of the fluid cross each other and do not move parallel to each other, is called turbulent flow.
• In turbulent flow the fluid layers do not moves in straight line. They move randomly in zigzag manner.
• The turbulent flow occurs when the velocity of the fluid is high and it flows through larger diameter pipes.
• The fluid flow having Reynolds number greater than 4000 is called turbulent flow.
• The fluid does not flow in definite order. There is a mixing of different layers and they do not move parallel to each other but crosses each other.
• The shear stress in turbulent flow depends upon its density.

TOP 10 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA

The top 10 automobile industry in India are

1.    Tata Motors
2.    Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd
3.    Maruti Suzuki
4.    Hero Motocorp Ltd
5.    Bajaj Auto Ltd
6.    Ashok Leyland
7.    Hyundai
8.    TVS Motor Company
9.    Eicher Motors
10.  Force Motors Ltd

Let us discuss about each one of them one by one.

1.    Tata Motors

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1945
•    Employees             : 60,000 (approx)
•    Head office            : Mumbai
•    Establishment        : 1945
•    Website                : www.tatamotors.com

Tata motors is the leading automobile industry in India. It was first founded in the year 1945. It is a public type company with 60,000 employees working in it. The head office of Tata Motors is situated in Mumbai. The establishment of it was took place in 1945.

It produces various products which include buses, trucks, coaches, vans, passenger cars, construction equipment and military vehicles. It is the world’s second largest bus manufacturer, fourth largest truck manufacturer and 17th largest motor vehicle manufacturing company.

Tata Motors has its auto manufacturing and assembly plants situated in Pune, Dharwad, Sanand, Lucknow, Pantnagar and Jamshedpur.
Tata launched his first fully indigenous Indian passenger car in 1998 named as Tata Indica and Tata Nano in 2008. Tata Safari was the first sport utility vehicles (SUVs) launched by Tata Motors in 1998.

2. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd

•    Type                      : Public
•    Founded                 : 1945
•    Employees              : 34,612
•    Head Office             : Mumbai
•    Establishment         : 1945
•    Website                 : www.mahindra.com

Mahindra is a public type global automobile company founded in the year 1945. This company is working with 34612 employees. Its head office is situated in Mumbai. This company was established in 1945.

It is one of the largest vehicle manufacturing company in India by production and largest tractor manufacturers in the world. According to the Brand Trust Report in 2014 it was given 10th rank for the most trusted brand in India.

Mahindra manufactures different vehicles which include jeeps, light commercial vehicle (LCVs), agriculture tractors, SUVs, saloon cars, pickups, two wheeled motorcycles.
 

3. Maruti Suzuki

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1981
•    Employees             : 6,903
•    Head Office            : New Delhi
•    Establishment         : 1981
•    Website                 : www.marutisuzuki.com

Maruti Suzuki is one of the best automobile company among the top ten automobile companies in India. It was founded in the year 1981. Recently about 6903 employees are working in it. Its head office is situated in New Delhi. It was established in the year 1981.

37% of India’s four wheeler market is captured by Maruti Suzuki.

Some of the flagship products that are manufactured by the Maruti Suzuki Company are Swift, Wagon E, Zen, Dzire, SX4 and Omni.

4. Hero MotoCorp Ltd

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1982
•    Employees             : 5842
•    Head office            : New Delhi
•    Establishment        : 1984
•    Website                : www.heromotorcorp.com

Hero Motocorp emerges out as a best motorcycle and scooter manufacturing company in India. It is a public type company founded in the year 1982 and established in 1984. About 5842 employees are attached to this company. Its head office is situated in New Delhi. The company was started its journey with a joint venture between Herocycles of India and Honda of Japan.

In 2010 Honda decided to remove the joint venture and in 2011 company was renamed as Hero Motocorp.

5. Baja Auto Limited

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1930
•    Employees             : 8,036   
•    Head office            : Pune
•    Establishment        : 1930
•    Website                : bajajauto.com

It is an Indian two wheeler manufacturing Company. It was started in the year 1930 by Jamnalal Bajaj. This Company has an experience of more than 100 years in automobile industry. In the year 2012, Bajaj Auto Ltd is put in the list of top 2000 global Company by Fortune.

6. Ashok Leyland

•    Type                    : Public
•    Founded               : 1948
•    Employees            : 15,812
•    Head office           : Chennai, Tamil Nadu
•    Establishment       : 1948
•    Website               : www.ashokleyland.com

The title for the second largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India is goes to the Ashok Leyland Company. This Company was founded in the year 1948. 15,812 employees are associated with this Company. Ashok Leyland is a part of Hinduja Group. It comprises of 30% share of commercial vehicle segment in India. The head office of the Company is situated in Chennai.

7. Hyundai

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1947
•    Head office            : Seoul, South Korea
•    Establishment        : 1967
•    Website                : www.hyundai.com

Hyundai is a South Korean based Multinational Company established in the year 1967 with a huge experience in automobile industry. It is playing a prominent role in 4 wheeler segment in Indian automobile industry and launched i10, i20 car series to capture the growing Indian Market.

8. TVS Motor Company

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1978
•    Head office            : Chennai
•    Establishment        : 1978
•    Website                : www.tvsmotor.in

TVS Motor Company was founded in the year 1979 with its head office situated in Chennai. It is a part of TVS group which manufactures scooters, motorcycles, mopeds and auto rickshaws in India.

9. Eicher Motors

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1948
•    Employees             : 2,500
•    Head office            : Gurgaon, India
•    Website                : www.eicher.in

Eicher is one of the leading commercial vehicle manufacturers in India. It was founded in the year 1948. The head office of Eicher Motors is situated in Gurgaon, India. The Eicher Motors Ltd (EML) is a flagship Company of Eicher group. This company has about 2500 employees working in it. It is the first company which was capable of producing the first agricultural tractor for India in 1959.

10. Force Motors Ltd

•    Type                     : Public
•    Founded                : 1958
•    Employees             : 8000
•    Head office            : Pune
•    Establishment        : 1958
•    Website                : www.forcemotors.com

In the list of the top 10 automobile industry in india, the Force Motors comes at last position. This Company was founded in the year 1958. Its head office is situated in Pune. About 8000 employees are working in this company. The products offered are force one, balwan tractor, traveler trax etc.